26/9/07

Innovation Policy in EU



Innovation is a key driver for the strengthening of Europe’s competitiveness. This section reports on the latest innovation policy developments at Community level, provides a rapid access to relevant documents and offers information on innovation activities at national and regional level.


Policy Documents:

Benchmarking and Indicators:

Sectoral innovation

Trans-national policy cooperation:

read more here

e-focus on e-Governance & Development Insights

e-Governance & Development Cluster of UNDP Bangladesh has published a bulletin "e-Focus-weekly e-Governance & Development Insights". The e-Focus series represents an analytical brief of overarching issues related to information and communication technologies for sustainable human development in Bangladesh context. This series aims at furthering the development dialogue around these issues and fostering locally viable solutions for these uniquely local challenges. Two contents are highlighted in the bulletin. The first one represents access to relevant information can often make the difference between fostering a vibrant, sustainable economy and dealing with a struggling human populace. This article highlights the possible roles the government can play in Bangladesh context to provide such access. Second article takes a look at some of the interventions relating to Telecentres in Bangladesh and some of the important lessons learned by telecentres around the world.

read more: Weekly e-Governance & Development Insights

19/8/07

Second European Conference on Mobile Goverment

euro mgov 2006
Second European Conference on Mobile Goverment

Proceedings, 2006








opportunities for eGovernment: adapting to mobile and ubiquitous business

Browse the Proceedings

Editors:

Ibrahim Kushchu

Chet Broucki

Geraldine Fitzpatrick


full paper

M-Business & M-Government : Co-operation, The Greek case study

Kapogiannis, G., Touzos, M., and Kreps, D.

154-159

ePractice workshop: High Impact services, 10 September 2007, Brussels

On the 10th of September 2007, the ePractice.eu portal will be holding a workshop in Brussels for professionals in the eGovernment, eInclusion and eHealth domains, focusing on High Impact services

High Impact services in eGovernment, eInclusion and eHealth

Deploying large scale services to millions of users is a challenge to ePractice professionals both from the government or the service provider side.

This workshop will explore good practice in the field of High Impact services, drawing upon a small set of case studies. The discussion will be led by prominent speakers in the area who have substantial experience in developing and implementing eServices of public interest.

High Impact services are those taking into account the size/ impact ratio in relation to the share of the total relevant population reached.

  • Generating civic attitudes (towards pan-European scope)
  • Capacity to expand geographically or to be transferred easily to other countries
  • Big scope of users
  • Strong benefits for users
  • Process innovation
  • Product innovation
  • Technological innovation
  • Technological standard/ diffusion of new technologies
  • Economic factors (cost savings, productivity gains, spill over effects)
  • Degree of service integration
  • Reduction of bureaucratic burden for PAs and citizens
For additional documentation, please refer to http://www.euregov.eu/deliverables.html

Objectives of the Workshop

  • Build a community for High Impact Services.
  • Integrate and maintain this community in the ePractice.eu portal.
  • Identify and exploit synergies between eGovernment, eInclusion and eHealth domains.

The target audience for this event is practitioners who want to meet, share and learn about the state-of-the-art in service delivery.

Workshop structure

After an introductory speech on High Impact services by Dr. Paul Timmers, Head of Unit eGovernment European Commision – DG INFSO, three real life case studies will be presented in a plenary session. Each case will be introduced up to the moment of implementing a solution. From then on, workshop participants will be challenged to help solving the practical problems found in the cases. Each of the three cases will come from a different area: eGovernment, eInclusion and eHealth.

After the presentations the workshop participants will split up into three groups. Each of the working groups will elaborate solutions to the cases and the possible problems found. After the working sessions these solutions will be presented briefly to the plenary. Consequently the case presenter will quickly lay out the solution applied in real-life.

Preliminary Workshop Agenda:

9:30 – 9:45 h Welcome and ePractice.eu approach Chairman: Baudouin de Sonis
9:45- 10:15 h Presentation on High Impact services - Q&A Dr. Paul Timmers
10:15-10:30 h Coffee Break
10:30-11:45 h Cases presentation Case presenters
13:00-13:45 h Lunch break
13:45-15:45 h Three parallel working sessions Chaired by :
- eGov: François Heidenryckx
- eInc: Joe Cullen
- eHealth: Magdalene Rosenmöller
15:45-16:45 h Wrap-up: Presentation of case solutions - François Heidenryckx
- Juliane Jarke
- Diane Whitehouse
- Case presenters
16:45 h Farewell Baudouin de Sonis



14/8/07

CALL FOR CHAPTERS

****** CALL FOR CHAPTERS ******

Chapter Proposal Submission Deadline: November 30, 2007
Full-Chapter Submission Deadline: April 15, 2008

Theme: "Mobile and Ubiquitous Commerce: Advanced E-Business Methods"

****** Volume 4 of Advances in Electronic Business Series ******


CO-EDITORS

Dr. Milena Head, McMaster University, Canada
Prof. Dr. Eldon Y. Li, National Chengchi University, Taiwan and Cal
Poly, San Luis Obispo, USA


INTRODUCTION

The mission of Advances in Electronic Business is to foster the understanding of management methods, information technology, and their joint application in business processes. The subject coverage may include theories and practices of business technologies, enterprise management, public policies,logistics, privacy and law, business ethics, and information technologies that are related to electronic business. The audience of this book series will be broadly-based, including professionals, policy-makers, academics,researchers, and managers in IT, business and commerce.


OBJECTIVE

Mobility and ubiquity are among the most important technological and market trends of the 21st century. The wide deployment of wireless data communication networks and the explosive growth of mobile users have created incredible demand for mobile and ubiquitous commerce applications. For users, these applications can provide unprecedented flexibility and convenience in their professional and personal lives. Mobile devices allow users to work, communicate and transact anywhere/anytime. Ubiquity in mobile services implies that users need not even provide explicit input to communicate their current needs and context.
For companies, mobile and ubiquitous applications provide new opportunities to execute business transactions, interact with trading partners, improve customer service levels, extend brand presence, and enhance collaboration between an increasingly mobile workforce. While existing business models must be re-examined to enable these opportunities, companies also need to understand how to best cope with
the burden of being always on.

This volume of Advances in Electronic Business intends to stimulate discussion and understanding by presenting theoretical and empirical research on mobile and ubiquitous commerce. Research results and future perspectives will be presented for the development and sustainable deployment of anywhere/anytime applications and services. It is hoped that this volume will help provide a roadmap for future scholarship and business success in this critical domain.


Recommended topics include, but are not limited to:

* Mobile and ubiquitous commerce business models
* Mobile and ubiquitous commerce applications
* Security and privacy issues
* The mobile enterprise
* Mobile workforce support
* Location-based services
* Context-aware enterprise scenarios
* RFID and mobile supply chain management
* Usability issues and studies
* Mobile and ubiquitous payment solutions
* User acceptance and adoption
* Balancing location awareness and privacy
* Community creation in mobile commerce
* Mobile marketing
* Mobile healthcare
* Mobile learning
* Data management for mobile applications
* New collaboration paradigms
* Mobile agents
* Emerging mobile technologies
* Business, cultural, and individual impacts
* Social and economic impacts
* Emerging theories on mobile and ubiquitous commerce


SUBMISSION PROCEDURE

* Researchers and practitioners are invited to submit on or before
November 30, 2007, a 2-5 page manuscript proposal clearly
explaining the mission and concerns of the proposed chapter.
* Authors of accepted proposals will be notified by December 31,
2007 about the status of their proposals and sent chapter
organizational guidelines.
* Full chapters are expected to be submitted by April 15, 2008.
* All submitted chapters will be reviewed on a double-blind review
basis. The book is scheduled to be published by IGI Global
(formerly, Idea Group Inc.), publisher of the IGI Publishing
(formerly Ideas Group Publishing),
Information Science Publishing, IRM Press, CyberTech Publishing,
and Information Science Reference (formerly Idea Group Reference)
imprints.

Inquiries are welcome. Submissions should be forwarded electronically
in MS-Word format to:

Dr. Milena Head
DeGroote School of Business
McMaster University
Hamilton, Ontario
Canada
Tel.: 905-525-9140 ext. 26996
Fax: 905-526-0852
E-mail: headm@mcmaster.ca headm@mcmaster.ca>

This document is also available at URL: http://www.icebnet.org/AEB/

13/8/07

Global E-Government, 2007


Asian countries continue to dominate international e-government ratings, taking three of the top four spots in a global e-government study undertaken by researchers at Brown University. South Korea earned the top rank, followed by Singapore, Taiwan, the United States, Great Britain and Canada. The study shows that 28 percent of government agencies around the world are offering online services, about the same as in 2006. The seventh annual survey conducted by Darrell M. West, director of the Taubman Center for Public Policy at Brown University, and a team of researchers evaluates online government Web sites of 198 countries around the globe. The researchers evaluated government Web sites based on two dozen criteria, including disability access, the existence of publications and databases, the presence of privacy policies, security policies, contact information, and the number of online services. Studies of global e-government have been released annually since 2001. This year’s study reviews 1,687 government Web sites in 198 countries during June and July 2007. A variety of different sites were analyzed, including executive, legislative and judicial offices as well as departments and ministries of the government such as health, education, foreign affairs, interior, finance, natural resources, foreign investment, transportation, military, tourism and telecommunication. Researchers found that 96 percent of Web sites have online publications and 80 percent have links to databases. Twenty-nine percent (up from 26 percent in 2006) show privacy policies and 21 percent present security policies (up from 14 percent in 2006). Software provided by the company Watchfire Inc. assesses whether Web sites provide assistance for the vision- or hearing-impaired. According to this software, government Web sites are still lagging on disability access. Only 23 percent of sites provide disability access, the same as last year. In addition to analyzing particular features, researchers rated countries for overall e-government performance. By evaluating the two dozen criteria as well as other features, including PDA access, user fees, and foreign language translation, each country was rated on a 0 to 100 point scale. The following table gives the rankings of the 198 countries in 2007. Last year’s values are in parentheses. http://www.insidepolitics.org/egovt07int.pdf

[source: http://topics.developmentgateway.org/ict/rc/ItemDetail.do?itemId=1110445

9/8/07

Seventh Global e-Government Study

PROVIDENCE, R.I. [Brown University] — Asian countries continue to dominate international e-government ratings, taking three of the top four spots in a global e-government study undertaken by researchers at Brown University. South Korea earned the top rank, followed by Singapore, Taiwan, the United States, Great Britain and Canada. The study shows that 28 percent of government agencies around the world are offering online services, about the same as in 2006.

The seventh annual survey conducted by Darrell M. West, director of the Taubman Center for Public Policy at Brown University, and a team of researchers evaluates online government Web sites of 198 countries around the globe. The researchers evaluated government Web sites based on two dozen criteria, including disability access, the existence of publications and databases, the presence of privacy policies, security policies, contact information, and the number of online services. Studies of global e-government have been released annually since 2001.

This year’s study reviews 1,687 government Web sites in 198 countries during June and July 2007. A variety of different sites were analyzed, including executive, legislative and judicial offices as well as departments and ministries of the government such as health, education, foreign affairs, interior, finance, natural resources, foreign investment, transportation, military, tourism and telecommunication.

Researchers found that 96 percent of Web sites have online publications and 80 percent have links to databases. Twenty-nine percent (up from 26 percent in 2006) show privacy policies and 21 percent present security policies (up from 14 percent in 2006). Software provided by the company Watchfire Inc. assesses whether Web sites provide assistance for the vision- or hearing-impaired. According to this software, government Web sites are still lagging on disability access. Only 23 percent of sites provide disability access, the same as last year.

In addition to analyzing particular features, researchers rated countries for overall e-government performance. By evaluating the two dozen criteria as well as other features, including PDA access, user fees, and foreign language translation, each country was rated on a 0 to 100 point scale. The following table gives the rankings of the 198 countries in 2007. Last year’s values are in parentheses.


Global e-Government: 198 Countries Ranked

Rankings from 1 to 50


   RANK    COUNTRY                RATING

1. (1) South Korea 74.9 (60.3)
2. (3) Singapore 54.0 (47.5)
3. (2) Taiwan 51.1 (49.8)
4. (4) United States 49.4 (47.4)
5. (6) Great Britain 44.3 (42.6)
6. (5) Canada 44.1 (43.5)
7. (48) Portugal 43.8 (31.3)
8. (12) Australia 43.5 (39.9)
8. (27) Turkey 43.5 (33.7)
10. (8) Germany 42.9 (41.5)
11. (7) Ireland 42.4 (41.9)
12. (16) Switzerland 42.3 (36.9)
13. (38) Brazil 41.1 (32.1)
14. (11) Dominica 41.0 (40.0)
15. (65) Bahrain 40.3 (29.6)
16. (40) Equator. Guinea 40.0 (32.0)
16. (32) Liechtenstein 40.0 (33.0)
18. (133) Andorra 39.0 (24.0)
19. (14) New Zealand 38.4 (37.6)
20. (35) Italy 38.0 (32.9)
21. (10) Spain 37.7 (40.6)
22. (20) Hong Kong 37.5 (35.4)
23. (19) Finland 37.3 (35.6)
24. (30) Vatican 37.0 (33.5)
25. (36) Malaysia 36.9 (32.7)
        RANK   COUNTRY                RATING

26. (15) Netherlands 36.8 (37.4)
27. (46) Czech Rep. 36.7 (31.7)
28. (106) Brunei 36.5 (26.8)
29. (84) Cyprus (Rep.) 36.4 (28.3)
30. (40) Liberia 36.0 (24.0)
30. (56) Austria 36.0 (30.6)
30. (17) Azerbaijan 36.0 (36.0)
30. (143) Sierra Leone 36.0 (24.0)
30. (39) Bhutan 36.0 (32.0)
30. (175) Costa Rica 36.0 (20.0)
30. (73) Eritrea 36.0 (29.0)
30. (166) Ethiopia 36.0 (22.0)
30. (137) Gabon 36.0 (24.0)
30. (17) North Korea 36.0 (36.0)
40. (9) Japan 35.9 (41.5)
41. (28) Malta 35.8 (33.6)
42. (23) France 35.6 (34.7)
42. (24) Qatar 35.6 (34.5)
44. (67) Israel 35.5 (29.4)
45. (88) Croatia 35.0 (28.0)
46. (51) Iceland 34.6 (31.1)
47. (77) India 34.2 (28.7)
48. (54) Peru 34.0 (30.8)
48. (150) Zambia 34.0 (23.5)
50. (68) Mexico 33.9 (29.3)

Rankings from 51 to 99


   RANK    COUNTRY              RATING

51. (76) Peoples Rep. Chi 33.7 (28.8)
52. (66) Arab Emirates 33.6 (29.5)
53. (119) Armenia 33.3 (25.3)
53. (58) Hungary 33.3 (30.5)
55. (112) Argentina 33.1 (26.1)
55. (104) Panama 33.1 (27.0)
57. (28) Kazakhstan 33.0 (33.6)
58. (80) Colombia 32.8 (28.6)
58. (50) Syria 32.8 (31.2)
60. (63) Poland 32.7 (30.1)
60. (13) Sweden 32.7 (38.3)
62. (21) Norway 32.4 (35.0)
62. (49) Serbia, Montgro 32.4 (31.2)
64. (44) Denmark 32.1 (31.8)
64. (110) Jamaica 32.1 (26.4)
64. (55) Luxembourg 32.1 (30.7)
67. (134) Bahamas 32.0 (24.0)
67. (162) Botswana 32.0 (22.0)
67. (89) Cyprus (Turk.) 32.0 (28.0)
67. (90) Ghana 32.0 (28.0)
67. (190) Grenada 32.0 (16.0)
67. (93) Guinea-Bissau 32.0 (28.0)
67. (139) Guyana 32.0 (24.0)
67. (31) Libya 32.0 (33.0)
67. (41) Monaco 32.0 (32.0)
      RANK    COUNTRY              RATING

67. (116) St. Vincent, Gren.32.0 (26.0)
67. (26) Swaziland 32.0 (34.0)
67. (97) Tajikistan 32.0 (28.0)
79. (81) Kuwait 31.9 (28.5)
80. (79) Lebanon 31.5 (28.7)
81. (61) Egypt 31.3 (30.2)
81. (45) Slovenia 31.3 (31.8)
83. (101) East Timor 31.2 (27.4)
84. (100) Kenya 31.2 (27.5)
85. (161) Belize 31.0 (22.0)
85. (113) Bulgaria 31.0 (26.0)
85. (155) Cambodia 31.0 (23.2)
85. (34) Chile 31.0 (32.9)
89. (85) Oman 30.9 (28.1)
89. (98) Saudi Arabia 30.9 (27.9)
89. (126) Vietnam 30.9 (25.0)
92. (82) Belgium 30.8 (28.4)
92. (92) Guatemala 30.8 (28.0)
92. (152) Trinidad, Tobago 30.8 (23.4)
95. (102) Iran 30.7 (27.3)
96. (59) Philippines 30.5 (30.4)
97. (145) St. Kitts, Nevis 30.3 (24.0)
98. (62) Romania 30.1 (30.2)
99. (163) Cape Verde 30.0 (22.0)
99. (164) Cook Islands 30.0 (22.0)

Rankings from 99 to 150


   RANK    COUNTRY                RATING

99. (188) Lesotho 30.0 (16.7)
99. (146) Suriname 30.0 (24.0)
103. (71) Bosnia, Herze. 29.8 (29.1)
103. (37) Slovakia 29.8 (32.3)
105. (148) Antigua, Barb. 29.7 (23.7)
106. (78) Jordan 29.6 (28.7)
106. (74) Maldives 29.6 (29.0)
106. (60) Nepal 29.6 (30.3)
109. (129) San Marino 29.3 (24.3)
110. (125) Congo (Rep.) 29.0 (25.0)
110. (57) Latvia 29.0 (30.6)
110. (53) Saint Lucia 29.0 (31.0)
110. (183) Vanuatu 29.0 (20.0)
114. (83) Lithuania 28.7 (28.3)
115. (22) Ukraine 28.4 (35.0)
115. (131) Uruguay 28.4 (24.2)
117. (52) Nigeria 28.3 (31.1)
118. (132) Albania 28.0 (24.0)
118. (107) Angola 28.0 (26.7)
123. (173) Barbados 28.0 (20.0)
118. (25) Estonia 28.0 (34.0)
118. (135) Congo (Dem. Rep.) 28.0 (24.0)
118. (138) Gambia 28.0 (24.0)
118. (94) Haiti 28.0 (28.0)
118. (130) Iraq 28.0 (27.0)
      RANK    COUNTRY              RATING

118. (159) Kyrgyzstan 28.0 (22.4)
118. (169) Micronesia 28.0 (21.0)
118. (75) Mongolia 28.0 (29.0)
118. (142) Mozambique 28.0 (24.0)
118. (180) Niue 28.0 (20.0)
118. (167) Samoa 28.0 (22.0)
118. (96) Sri Lanka 28.0 (28.0)
133. (130) Morocco 27.8 (24.2)
133. (43) Russian Fed. 27.8 (31.9)
135. (72) Pakistan 27.7 (29.1)
135. (70) South Africa 27.7 (29.2)
137. (99) Ecuador 27.6 (27.5)
138. (91) Greece 27.1 (28.0)
139. (47) Georgia 27.0 (31.4)
139. (123) Paraguay 27.0 (25.3)
141. (121) Fiji 26.8 (25.3)
142. (107) Afghanistan 26.7 (26.7)
142. (109) Benin 26.7 (26.7)
142. (69) Sudan 26.7 (29.3)
142. (117) Zimbabwe 26.7 (26.0)
146. (158) Uganda 26.2 (22.5)
147. (64) Belarus 26.0 (30.0)
147. (165) Dominican Rep. 26.0 (22.0)
147. (177) Madagascar 26.0 (20.0)
150. (124) Senegal 25.7 (25.1)

Rankings from 150 to 198


   RANK    COUNTRY              RATING

150. (105) Uzbekistan 25.7 (27.0)
152. (120) El Salvador 25.6 (25.3)
153. (115) Nicaragua 25.2 (26.0)
154. (160) Djibouti 24.9 (22.1)
155. (86) Bangladesh 24.7 (28.0)
155. (149) Mauritius 24.7 (23.7)
155. (118) Seychelles 24.7 (25.5)
158. (128) Algeria 24.6 (30.3)
159. (156) Venezuela 24.3 (23.2)
160. (87) Bolivia 24.0 (28.0)
160. (198) Burundi 24.0 (8.0)
160. (136) Cote d'Ivoire 24.0 (24.0)
160. (157) Cuba 24.0 (22.7)
160. (176) Indonesia 24.0 (20.0)
160. (178) Mali 24.0 (20.0)
160. (195) Naura 24.0 (16.0)
160. (181) Palau 24.0 (20.0)
160. (185) Soloman Is. 24.0 (18.0)
160. (144) Somalia 24.0 (24.0)
160. (193) Togo 24.0 (16.0)
171. (171) Honduras 23.0 (20.8)
172. (153) Yemen 22.9 (23.4)
173. (197) Chad 22.7 (9.0)
173. (172) Malawi 22.7 (20.7)
   RANK       COUNTRY              RATING

175. (111) Tunisia 22.4 (26.4)
176. (95) Laos 22.0 (28.0)
177. (154) Rwanda 21.9 (23.3)
178. (151) Thailand 21.7 (23.4)
179. (168) Namibia 21.5 (21.4)
180. (184) Cameroon 21.3 (19.0)
181. (187) Burkina Faso 20.0 (17.0)
181. (189) Cen. Africa Rep 20.0 (16.0)
181. (33) Macedonia 20.0 (33.0)
181. (126) Marshall Is. 20.0 (25.0)
181. (141) Moldova 20.0 (24.0)
181. (122) Myanmar 20.0 (25.3)
181. (179) Niger 20.0 (20.0)
181. (170) Papua N. Guinea 20.0 (21.0)
181. (192) Sao Tome, Princ. 20.0 (16.0)
181. (182) Somaliland 20.0 (20.0)
181. (194) Tonga 20.0 (16.0)
181. (147) Turkmanistan 20.0 (24.0)
193. (187) Tanzania 18.3 (17.5)
194. (114) Mauritania 18.0 (26.0)
195. (39) Tuvalu 16.0 (32.0)
196. (174) Comoros 12.0 (20.0)
196. (191) Guinea 12.0 (16.0)
198. (195) Kiribati 8.0 (12.0)



In order to improve electronic government, the report suggests that governments take several steps to reach their full potential in terms of accessibility and effectiveness. The ultimate goal of e-government is to provide citizens with services, information, and interactive features. To this end, sites need to be well-designed, easy to navigate, and accessible to a wide variety of users. The researchers suggest the following steps be undertaken:

  • standardize templates with consistent navigation;
  • have accessibility aids;
  • list when pages are updated;
  • organize pages by user type;
  • create “most popular” lists;
  • have an online services menu; and
  • have interactive technical assistance.

For more information on this study, contact Darrell M. West at (401) 863-1163 or e-mail Darrell_West@brown.edu. The full Global e-Government Study is available online at www.insidepolitics.org. The appendix of that report presents detailed profiles for each of the 198 national governments.

Editors: Brown University has a fiber link television studio available for domestic and international live and taped interviews and maintains an ISDN line for radio interviews. For more information, call the Office of Media Relations at (401) 863-2476.

8/8/07

Digital Inclusion Forum 07


Free conference for government and NGO development professionals in Southeast Asia, organised by Public Sector Technology & Management magazine. Supported by UNESCO and UNDP, the event focuses on the role of ICT for social and economic development in Southeast and South Asia. Featuring presentations from: - Dato' Badlisham bin Ghazali, CEO, Multimedia Development Corporation (Malaysia) - Tim Diaz De Rivera, Commissioner on ICT (The Philippines) - Reshan Dewapura, COO, ICTA (Sri Lanka) - Ashwin Sasongko, Secretary General, Department for Communications & IT (Indonesia) - Farrukh Qayyum, Secretary, Ministry of IT (Pakistan) - Salim Al-Ruzaiqi, CEO, IT Authority (Oman)


For more Information please clik here

7/8/07

E-Agriculture in India


The occupational structure of India is dominated by the “agricultural sector” and the “manufacturing sector” and the “service sector” is lagging far behind in this context. This shows that India is predominantly an agricultural economy and hence it requires strongest protection and development of its “agricultural resources”. This protection must be supported by the use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) that can do wonders for the agriculture sector of India. ICT can be used to improve the lives of the rural communities by leveraging of agriculture outputs through technological interventions. Some of the benefits of ICT for the improvement and strengthening of agriculture sector in India are: (a) Timely information on weather forecasts and calamities, (b) Better and spontaneous agricultural practices, (c) Better marketing exposure and pricing, (d) Reduction of agricultural risks and enhanced incomes, (e) Better awareness and information, (f) Improved networking and communication, (g) Facility of online trading and e-commerce, (h) Better representation at various forums, authorities and platform, etc.

More information please click here

[DG Communities Knowledge Sharing and Collaboration worldwide]

The Wireless Internet Institute

Founded in 2002, the Wireless Internet Institute, LLC, is an independent forum bringing together stakeholders around the world in order to help accelerate the adoption of wireless Internet in support of social and economic development and better managed cities, communities and regions. W2i Digital Cities Convention are held annually in three to four regions of the world to explore the planning and deployment of broadband-wireless infrastructure, applications and services at the metropolitan scale, and a professional development seminar for local-government IT professionals.

[source:© 2007 Wireless Internet Institute, LLC and DG Communities Knowledge Sharing and Collaboration worldwide]

5/8/07

Μεταπτυχιακά με Μέλλον για όσους ενδιαφέρονται για Καρριέρα


Καθώς ο ανταγωνισμός στην αγορά εργασίας μεγαλώνει διαρκώς, όλοι οι νέοι σήμερα καλούνται να έχουν όλο και περισσότερες γνώσεις, εφόδια και δεξιότητες, προκειμένου να έρθουν πιο κοντά στην πολυπόθητη πρόσληψη.

Ουσιαστική λύση στο αδιέξοδο της ανεργίας και της εξασφάλισης μιας καλής θέσης στον επαγγελματικό στίβο δίνουν οι μεταπτυχιακοί τίτλοι σπουδών.

Δεν έχουν όμως τα ίδια αποτελέσματα όλα τα μεταπτυχιακά προγράμματα.

Υπάρχουν μεταπτυχιακοί τίτλοι που προσφέρουν περισσότερες δυνατότητες στους νέους να διεκδικήσουν θέσεις εργασίας που θα αποτελέσουν μια καλή αφετηρία για την καριέρα τους. Αυτοί κυρίως αφορούν τις εξής ειδικότητες :

ΥΨΗΛΗ ΤΕΧΝΟΛΟΓΙΑ

Τηλεπικοινωνίες
Ηλεκτρονικά
Πληροφορική

ΜΗΧΑΝΟΛΟΓΙΑ

Μηχανολόγοι
Ηλεκτρολόγοι
Ειδικοί στους αυτοματισμούς

ΚΑΤΑΣΚΕΥΕΣ

Πολιτικοί Μηχανικοί
Αρχιτεκτονική

ΟΙΚΟΝΟΜΙΚΑ

Λογιστικά
Χρηματοοικονομικά
Διοίκηση Επιχειρήσεων
Μάρκετινγκ

ΨΥΧΟΛΟΓΙΑ

Σύμβουλοι ανθρώπινου δυναμικού & καριέρας (Ψυχολογία)

Τα μεταπτυχιακά προσφέρουν στους νέους τέτοια εξειδίκευση ώστε ο χρόνος ένταξης τους στον επιχειρησιακό κύκλο να είναι μικρότερος.

Έτσι, μπορούμε να πούμε ότι ένα μεταπτυχιακό πρόγραμμα ως ένα βαθμό υποκαθιστά την προϋπηρεσία γιατί μέσω της εξειδίκευσης που παρέχει σε ένα συγκεκριμένο τομέα, διευκολύνει την ταχύτερη ένταξη του υποψηφίου στην επιχείρηση και την καλύτερη απόδοση του στους τομείς δράσης που καλείται να αναλάβει.

Ολοένα και περισσότερες εταιρίες ζητούν υποχρεωτικά ή προαιρετικά μεταπτυχιακούς τίτλους. Προς αυτή την κατεύθυνση δεν κινούνται μόνο οι πολυεθνικές και οι μεγάλες ελληνικές εταιρίες. Μικρότερες εταιρίες με αναπτυξιακούς στόχους, επιλέγουν υποψηφίους με μεταπτυχιακά με σκοπό την άμεση αξιοποίηση των γνώσεων και της εξειδίκευσης τους.

Πριν λοιπόν αποφασίσει κάποιος σε ποιο μεταπτυχιακό πρόγραμμα θα ενταχθεί, είναι απαραίτητο να πληροφορηθεί για όλα τα μεταπτυχιακά προγράμματα που προσφέρονται.

Τα τελευταία χρόνια όλα σχεδόν τα πανεπιστημιακά ιδρύματα στην Ελλάδα, πραγματοποιούν μεταπτυχιακά προγράμματα μερικά από τα οποία κάνουν τους νέους περιζήτητους στην αγορά εργασίας.

Μερικά από αυτά είναι τα εξής :

ΟΙΚΟΝΟΜΙΚΟ ΠΑΝΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΙΟ ΑΘΗΝΑΣ

Μάρκετινγκ
Επικοινωνία
Διοίκηση επιχειρήσεων (ΜΒΑ)
Πληροφοριακά συστήματα

ΠΑΝΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΙΟ ΠΕΙΡΑΙΩΣ

Διοίκηση επιχειρήσεων (ΜΒΑ)
Λογιστικά
Χρηματοοικονομικά
Διοίκηση ανθρώπινων πόρων
Διοίκηση τουριστικών επιχειρήσεων
Διοίκηση παραγωγής

ΠΑΝΤΕΙΟ ΠΑΝΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΙΟ

Σύμβουλοι ανθρώπινου δυναμικού & καριέρας (Ψυχολογία)

ΕΘΝΙΚΟ ΜΕΤΣΟΒΙΟ ΠΟΛΥΤΕΧΝΕΙΟ

Μηχανολόγοι
Ηλεκτρολόγοι
Ειδικοί στα τεχνοοικονομικά συστήματα
Συστήματα κατασκευών και παραγωγής
Συστήματα αυτόματου ελέγχου

ΓΕΩΠΟΝΙΚΟ ΠΑΝΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΙΟ

Ειδικοί στις καλλιέργειες
Βιοτεχνολόγοι
Γεωπόνοι μηχανολόγοι

ΑΡΙΣΤΟΤΕΛΕΙΟ ΠΑΝΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΙΟ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝΙΚΗΣ

Διοίκηση παραγωγικών συστημάτων
Υδροβιολογία

ΠΟΛΥΤΕΧΝΕΙΟ ΚΡΗΤΗΣ

Μηχανολόγοι ηλεκτρονικής και υπολογιστών
Βιομηχανικά, ενεργειακά και μεταφορικά συστήματα
Τηλεματική
Οικονομολόγοι διοίκησης
Μηχανικοί παραγωγής

ΠΑΝΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΙΟ ΜΑΚΕΔΟΝΙΑΣ

Πληροφοριακά συστήματα
Οικονομικά
Διοίκηση επιχειρήσεων

ΠΑΝΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΙΟ ΘΡΑΚΗΣ

Πολιτικοί μηχανικοί νέων υλικών και τεχνολογιών

ΠΑΝΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΙΟ ΠΑΤΡΩΝ

Μαθηματικά υπολογιστών
Επιστήμη των υπολογιστών
Συστήματα επεξεργασίας σημάτων και εικόνων
Συστήματα λογισμικού
Έργα υποδομής πολιτικού μηχανικού

ΠΑΝΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΙΟ ΙΩΑΝΝΙΝΩΝ

Πληροφορική

Κάθε ενδιαφερόμενος μπορεί να βρει όλα τα Μεταπτυχιακά Προγράμματα που οργανώνονται από τα Ανώτατα Εκπαιδευτικά ιδρύματα της χώρας μας, στη ιστοσελίδα του Υπουργείου Εθνικής Παιδείας και Θρησκευμάτων (www.ypepth.gr) επιλέγοντας ΕΚΠΑΙΔΕΥΤΙΚΟ ΣΥΣΤΗΜΑ & ΑΝΩΤΑΤΗ ΕΚΠΑΙΔΕΥΣΗ & ΜΕΤΑΠΤΥΧΙΑΚΑ ΠΡΟΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΑ (http://www.ypepth.gr/el_ec_category132.htm)

ICT and e-Business in the Telecommunication Industry

You can find the link for the annual report by eBusiness Watch for ''ICT and e-Business in the Telecommunication Industry''

4/8/07

9o ΕΤΗΣΙΟ ΣΥΝΕΔΡΙΟ ΠΛΗΡΟΦΟΡΙΚΗΣ ΚΑΙ ΤΗΛΕΠΙΚΟΙΝΩΝΙΩΝ

Οι δρόμοι για την Ψηφιακή Ελλάδα

ΔΕΥΤΕΡΑ - ΤΡΙΤΗ
24-25 ΣΕΠΤΕΜΒΡΙΟΥ 2007
ΞΕΝΟΔΟΧΕΙΟ ΙΝΤΕΡΚΟΝΤΙΝΕΝΤΑΛ


ΠΛΗΡΟΦΟΡΙΕΣ: ΤΗΛ: 210.4225585 & 210.4225.520

Ηλεκτρονική Δήλωση Συμμετοχής




- ΣΥΝΕΔΡΙΑΚΕΣ ΕΝΟΤΗΤΕΣ -

ΣΤΡΑΤΗΓΙΚΕΣ ΗΛΕΚΤΡΟΝΙΚΗΣ ΔΙΑΚΥΒΕΡΝΗΣΗΣ (24-25/9): Η Ψηφιακή Στρατηγική ως μεσο ανάπτυξης. Μεγάλα Δημόσια Έργα. Βέλτιστες Πρακτικές, Τεχνολογίες Πληροφορικής και Επικοινωνιών. Διαλειτουργικότητα και Υπηρεσίες προς τους πολίτες από τον Δημόσιο Τομέα, την Τοπική Αυτοδιοίκηση και τους Οργανισμούς.


ΤΗΛΕΠΙΚΟΙΝΩΝΙΕΣ ΚΑΙ ΠΛΗΡΟΦΟΡΙΚΗ ΣΤΙΣ ΕΠΙΧΕΙΡΗΣΕΙΣ (24-25/9): Ευρυζωνικότητα και αξιοποίηση υπηρεσιών. Εφαρμογές τηλεπικοινωνιών και πληροφορικής στις Επιχειρήσεις. Οφέλη από την Σύγκλιση υπηρεσιών και υποδομών Λογισμικού και Επικοινωνιών.


ΨΗΦΙΑΚΗ ΑΣΦΑΛΕΙΑ ΚΑΙ ΗΛΕΚΤΡΟΝΙΚΗ ΠΡΟΣΤΑΣΙΑ (24-25/9): Σύγχρονες ψηφιακές απειλές σε περιβάλλοντα υπηρεσιών πληροφορικής και επικοινωνιών. Χαρτογράφηση και αντιμετώπιση των απειλών. Στρατηγική και τακτικές αντιμετώπισης κινδύνων. Υπηρεσίες και προϊόντα ψηφιακής ασφάλειας.


ΚΑΝΑΛΙΑ ΔΙΑΝΟΜΗΣ ΨΗΦΙΑΚΩΝ ΥΠΗΡΕΣΙΩΝ ΚΑΙ ΠΡΟΪΟΝΤΩΝ (25/9): Τάσεις, σχεδιασμός και ανάπτυξη καναλιών διανομής ψηφιακών υπηρεσιών και προϊόντων Πληροφορικής, Τηλεπικοινωνιών και Κινητής Τηλεφωνίας. Αλλαγές από την Ψηφιακή Σύγκλιση.


ΚΑΙΝΟΤΟΜΙΑ ΚΑΙ ΕΠΙΧΕΙΡΗΜΑΤΙΚΟΤΗΤΑ (25/9): Ευκαιρίες, επιχειρηματικές προοπτικές, τομείς επενδυτικού ανδιαφέροντος στην Καινοτομία, την Τεχνολογία και στις Νέες Τεχνολογίες στο πλαίσιο υλοποίησης του Εθνικού Στρατηγικού Πλαισίου Ανάπτυξης 2007-2013.


ΠΑΙΔΕΙΑ, ΠΟΛΙΤΙΣΜΟΣ, ΨΗΦΙΑΚΕΣ ΤΕΧΝΟΛΟΓΙΕΣ (24/9): Σχεδιασμός και αξιοποίηση των Τεχνολογιών Πληροφορικής και Επικοινωνιών στην Παιδεία και στον Πολιτισμό. Ο Υπολογιστής των 100 ευρώ. Η Ψηφιακή Εποχή στα Ελληνικά Μουσεία και την Πολιτιστική Κληρονομιά.

ΥΠΟ ΤΗΝ ΘΕΣΜΙΚΗ ΑΙΓΙΔΑ:
ΥΠΟΥΡΓΕΙΟΥ ΟΙΚΟΝΟΜΙΑΣ ΚΑΙ ΟΙΚΟΝΟΜΙΚΩΝ
ΓΕΝ.ΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΕΙΑΣ ΠΛΗΡΟΦΟΡΙΚΩΝ ΣΥΣΤΗΜΑΤΩΝ
ΕΙΔ.ΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΕΙΑΣ ΨΗΦΙΑΚΟΥ ΣΧΕΔΙΑΣΜΟΥ
ΥΠΟ ΤΗΝ ΑΙΓΙΔΑ:
ΥΠΟΥΡΓΕΙΟ ΕΣΩΤΕΡΙΚΩΝ ΔΗΜΟΣΙΑΣ ΔΙΟΙΚΗΣΗΣ & ΑΠΟΚΕΝΤΡΩΣΗΣ
ΓΕΝ.ΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΕΙΑΣ ΔΗΜΟΣΙΑΣ ΔΙΟΙΚΗΣΗΣ ΚΑΙ ΗΛΕΚΤΡΟΝΙΚΗΣ ΔΙΑΚΥΒΕΡΝΗΣΗΣ
ΥΠΟΥΡΓΕΙΟΥ ΑΝΑΠΤΥΞΗΣ
ΓΕΝΙΚΗΣ ΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΕΙΑΣ ΕΡΕΥΝΑΣ ΚΑΙ ΤΕΧΝΟΛΟΓΙΑΣ
ΥΠΟΥΡΓΕΙΟΥ ΜΕΤΑΦΟΡΩΝ ΚΑΙ ΕΠΙΚΟΙΝΩΝΙΩΝ
ΕΛΛΗΝΟΦΙΛΑΝΔΙΚΟΥ ΕΜΠΟΡΙΚΟΥ ΕΠΙΜΕΛΗΤΗΡΙΟΥ
ΜΕ ΤΗ ΣΥΝΕΡΓΑΣΙΑ:
ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΟΥ ΠΑΡΑΤΗΡΗΤΗΡΙΟΥ ΓΙΑ ΤΗΝ ΚΟΙΝΩΝΙΑ ΤΗΣ ΠΛΗΡΟΦΟΡΙΑΣ
ΕΘΝΙΚΟΥ ΔΙΚΤΥΟΥ ΕΡΕΥΝΑΣ ΚΑΙ ΤΕΧΝΟΛΟΓΙΑΣ

ΧΟΡΗΓΟΙ ΕΠΙΚΟΙΝΩΝΙΑΣ:

ΔΙΟΡΓΑΝΩΣΗ:

3/8/07

Singapore extends e-filing system for companies

Singapore’s Accounting and Corporate Regulatory Authority (ACRA) has awarded a S$1.7 million contract to enhance it e-filing system for companies. According to a release from ACRA the US$1.1 million investment will enhance ACRA’s BizFile System with more customer-centric features, as part of ACRA’s focus on providing excellent customer service.

SCS initially designed and implemented BizFile, one of the world’s first online corporate registration and filing systems, for ACRA in 2002.

In 2005, SCS productised BizFile for the international market, naming the system iBizFile. iBizFile was subsequently selected by the British Virgin Islands for their business registration needs in 2006.

“ACRA constantly seeks to improve the BizFile experience for our users to facilitate a hassle-free environment to do business here in Singapore," said Juthika Ramanathan, Chief Executive, ACRA. "By enhancing the navigation and design of the new BizFile system and creating new workflow processes to help reduce operation costs, we at ACRA believe that SCS will deliver a quality, upgraded BizFile system to offer a user-friendly experience.”

Under the new contract additional advanced portal features will be integrated with the existing platform. The enhanced BizFile will be more interactive and highly customer-centric, with a state-of-the-art look-and-feel. In addition, BizFile’s search capabilities will be boosted by an advanced search engine to facilitate online searches of eService transactions by the public.

[source:Copyright © 2002 - 2006 Alphabet Media Pte Ltd.]

Wi-Fi to boost Hong Kong's status as digital city

Administration envisages substantial cooperation with private sector to boost connectivity and mobility in the former British colony. The Permanent Secretary for Commerce and Economic Development (Communications and Technology), Rita Lau, has urged the local ICT industry to join with the Government to enhance Hong Kong's status as an advanced digital city.

Addressing the opening ceremony of the Government Wi-Fi Programme 'GovWiFi', Lau said building an inclusive and knowledge-based society was one of the action areas identified in the draft 2007 Digital 21 Strategy - the blueprint for future development of ICT in Hong Kong.

"We aim to enable citizens and businesses to realise the full potential of the information society, where everyone can create, access, use and share information and knowledge to unleash their potential and enhance their quality of life.

"Through Government investment and market force, we will pursue the goal of building Hong Kong into a wireless city and make broadband connectivity including the wireless one available for every citizen," she said.

Lau noted that to assist the industry in extending the coverage of the wireless network, the Government offered public facilities such as flyovers and lamp posts at a nominal rent for network operators to install wireless access points.

Under the "GovWiFi", the Government will progressively provide Wi-Fi facilities at about 350 government premises for free use by the public in the next two years. Priority sites will be set up at premises frequented by members of the public by mid-2008, including libraries, public enquiry service centres, community halls/centres, parks and Government buildings.

While the Office of the Government Chief Information Officer (OGCIO) will oversee the programme, the Government will adopt an outsourcing approach on the installation of Wi-Fi facilities, provision of Wi-Fi services as well as their on-going operations.

Lau said the Government had just issued the tender document for the provision of the Government Wi-Fi facilities.

"Industry players can participate in this programme as contractors of the Wi-Fi programme. They could also explore new business opportunities by providing more wireless applications, mobile products and supporting services to the citizens," she said.

Also officiating at today's ceremony were the Director of Leisure and Cultural Services, Thomas Chow, and the Government Chief Information Officer, Howard Dickson.

Meanwhile, the OGCIO will organise a series of activities to raise public awareness of the programme. Roving exhibitions where visitors can try out the wireless facilities will be held at six government premises starting from today.

[source:Copyright © 2002 - 2006 Alphabet Media Pte Ltd.]

Singapore shares ICT development experience

Singapore and ITU collaborate on training programme in ICT policy and regulatory frameworks. Senior ICT policy makers and regulators from developing countries are in Singapore to attend a five-day executive programme on information and communication technology (ICT) development, entitled “Enabling Frameworks for ICT Development - The Singapore Experience”.

The programme, offered by the Infocomm Development Authority of Singapore (IDA) in collaboration with the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), will provide an opportunity for participants from Asia Pacific, Africa and Arab States to study and analyse Singapore’s model as a means to catalyse ICT progress in their own countries. The participating countries include Bhutan, Brunei, Kenya, Kiribati, Maldives, Mongolia, Nepal, Saudi Arabia, Thailand, United Arab Emirates and Vietnam.

This follows an agreement reached between ITU and IDA in June 2007 to provide a training programme for senior ICT and telecom officials that would foster the development of ICT frameworks in their countries to enable fair, effective and sustainable competition in a multi-operator, multi-network environment.

The Executive Training Programme is one example of action taken to implement the ITU Regional Initiative on Telecommunication/ICT Policy and Regulatory Cooperation in the Asia Pacific Region, which was adopted by the 4th World Telecommunication Development Conference held in Doha, Qatar in 2006.

Participants will engage in an interactive learning experience led by practitioners from the IDA and featuring guest speakers from ITU and the ICT industry. They will learn about Singapore’s experience in ICT policy-making and regulating in a fully liberalised, multi-operator telecom sector. This includes covering topics like competition management, licensing frameworks, dispute resolution procedures and interconnection.

The five-day programme, the first of a series, will be conducted at Singapore’s e-Government Leadership Centre. The programme aims to train at least 30 participants annually over the next three years.

“We appreciate IDA’s response to ITU’s call for cooperation through this Executive Training Programme,” said Sami Al Basheer Al Morshid, Director of ITU’s Telecommunication Development Bureau. “Singapore has one of the best regulatory models in the world, an experience which can be shared by other regulators. This is particularly relevant in developing countries, which are coping with a number of current policy and regulatory issues.”

Deputy Chief Executive and Director-General (Telecoms) of the IDA, Leong Keng Thai said, “Singapore embarked on its ICT development journey 25 years ago, and ICT has contributed greatly to Singapore becoming the confluence of business, culture and advanced infrastructure today. We are truly pleased for this successful collaboration with ITU that allows us to share the Singapore model with developing countries and facilitate their efforts in harnessing ICT for economic and social growth. We look forward to conducting more of such sessions.”

During their stay, participants will get first-hand experience with Singapore’s recent ICT initiatives, such as Wireless@SG.

Wireless@SG is the Singapore Government's wireless broadband programme that aims to extend broadband access to all public places. Since its launch in December 2006, the Wireless@SG network has 3400 hot spots spread across the island and 428,000 subscribers. It is part of the Next Generation National Infocomm Infrastructure that Singapore is building, which is expected to be completed by 2012 and will also comprise an ultra high-speed wired network.

[source:Copyright © 2002 - 2006 Alphabet Media Pte Ltd.]

1/8/07

LV: Latvia plans eLegislation system

The Latvian government is planning to create a legislative information system to improve coordination of the law-making process and ensure greater public participation.

This project was proposed by the Ministry of Justice and recently discussed in a meeting of top-level ministry civil servants. It is intended to limit unexpected changes in the existing legal framework, due to lack of communication between key players in the law-making process.

The proposal would create a single information system for the legislative process by joining and improving existing systems. This new approach would enable electronic information to be obtained on laws, draft laws, published legal acts and other documents. It would also have a search function. Creating such a system would cost approximately LVL1.25 million (about €1.79 million) while its maintenance would be in the region of €400 000 every year.

Although there is already a system named ePortfolio, which contains information on projects, it does not contain all details of the drafting process, and access is restricted. Another system, the Parliament Draft Law Register, is a database accessible to the general public, but the publication of drafts is often delayed. Therefore, neither this Register, nor any other database, allows consultation, for example, of proposals submitted by Parliamentary committees. Since there are no other information exchange mechanisms, the flow of information between Parliament committees and different ministries is slow and inefficient. Although in theory citizens have the right to participate in the law-making process, in practice the system has many shortcomings and does not encourage active public participation.

If the project is approved by the government, the Ministry of Justice will have to pass all relevant laws by 1 May 2008.

Further information

© European Communities 2007
Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged.
The views expressed are not an official position of the European Commission.
Disclaimer

RO: New agency for the eGovernment services infrastructure

Last June, the Romanian Government adopted an Emergency Ordinance which regulates the organisation and function of an Agency for the Information Society Services (AISS).

The new agency will have as its main responsibility the implementation and operation at national level of the informatics systems that provide eGovernment services. Thus, AISS will take over the specific responsibilities of the General Inspectorate of Communications and Information Technology in this field.

The agency will indeed be in charge of developing and operating the following applications mainly:

Subordinated to the Ministry of Communications and Information Technology, AISS will be managed by a president and two vice-presidents assigned or dismissed by an order of the minister for Communications and Information Technology. Both positions will require passing an examination.

The Agency’s income will be composed of the fares of the electronic systems that it manages and operates as well as of revenues from activities developed in its own field of work, donations and sponsorships but also internal and external credits contracted in compliance with the applicable law.

Further information

© European Communities 2007
Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged.
The views expressed are not an official position of the European Commission.
Disclaimer

E-Democracy '07: 08 November 2007, London

Dot.com entrepreneur Martha Lane Fox;
Demos founder and former
Prime Ministerial advisor Geoff Mulgan;
UK Parliament webmaster
Dominic Tinley; and shadow Leader
of the House of Commons
Theresa May are among the
unrivalled speaker line-up at
e-Democracy
'07, Headstar's annual
conference on the use of the internet
and other new technologies to improve
the workings of democracy.

Use the website to find out more about our still-evolving programme,
and register today to guarantee your place:
http://www.headstar-events.com/edemocracy07

If you are interested in sponsoring or exhibiting at the event, please
contact Claire Clinton on claire@headstar.com

30/7/07

E-Governance vs. E-Government

Thomas B. Riley

Chair and Executive Director Commonwealth Centre for E-Governance
President, Riley Information Services 41 Morenz Terrace, Ottawa Canada K2K 3H2
rtriley6@cs.com

Introduction
There have been some suggestions in different jurisdictions in Canada and other countries recommending that the definitions we are seeing emerge as a result of the applications of Information and Communications Technologies in Government (ICTs), and the way the terms are being described, that is e-government, e-governance and e-democracy, should no longer be used, nor should definitions for these new constructs be attempted. This approach is subject to debate and exploration rather than outright rejection of any definitions. A case can be made that it is through the development of terminology that a subject matter can be evolved.

Putting the "e" on services, such as e-health, e-participation, e-voting, e-environment or e-weather, for example, serves as a guide to the wider subject matter of e-government and e-governance, that can, in time, be imprinted on the public mind. More importantly, the use of terms such as e-government, e-governance and e-democracy, leads to the creation of an identifiable discipline. This then widens the development of the subject beyond the parameters of simply government boundaries to the larger spheres of civil society, associations, unions, the business community, international organizations and the academic world.



Governments are not in the business of creating fads.

A moving away from definitions of what government is doing in the "e" world only leads to a lessening of accountability of the activities in which any government is engaged. In society, it is the identifying of concepts through words and phrases that leads to cohesion and order. Subject matters create an ambience between stakeholders throughout the society. For example, "public transportation" or "environmental" issues are phrases understood by citizens who then relate them in their minds to the mass movements of our times. This is the way e-government must go. To move away from this identification that has been communicated through government websites, at the political level and in the media, can only lead to confusion.

Attempts to redefine e-government, e-governance and e-democracy, would only create a disservice to the public. We need to keep the current framework so that society knows the goal that government is trying to achieve. In time, technologies will change the way society shapes itself and this will lead to a widening of this subject matter into new spheres. At that point a new nomenclature will arise reflecting the change articulated in future generations. But this new nomenclature will only be an extension of the discipline that began to evolve in the late twentieth century. The danger in this time of modernity is the urge to move with the latest "craze" or "fad". It is the job of governments to maintain stability at times of great change in which we are now living. Part of this stability is being forward thinking while keeping rooted in acceptable principles and processes. Government, governance and democracy have been with us for a long while. By adding the "e" to these words we maintain a stream of thought and a conceptual framework with which the public can relate. Governments are not in the business of creating fads.

For these reasons, this article seeks to explore the concepts of e-government and e-governance and to separate out how these two terms differ and how workable they are in our new digital environments. As will be seen many international organizations have come to accept these terms, and they, and other respected thinkers and authors, are contributing to this important process of change.

This article looks at the nature of government and governance. Particular focus, and much of the article, is devoted to how one approaches these terms in the context of public administration. This article then ties them together in the context of the emerging "e" environments. The purpose here is to create clarity in relation to these terms precisely because e-government and e-governance have been used so interchangeably. Such clarity could lead to a greater depth of exploration of the subject matter and assist in the development of the internal process of government, and the impacts these processes and subsequent delivery mechanisms are having on individual citizens and groups overall (governance).

E-democracy and online consultations are dealt with in the last part of this article, as e-democracy is actually the natural extension of e-governance. In pre-Internet times interactions between governments and targeted institutions, groups and society were an important part of policy development. Now, with these new tools, more citizens and stakeholders can be embraced into the process. However, this is not going to be an easy progression and many changes (in both the government and society at large) will need to occur before any major engagements take place.

Research of the activities of many governments around the world, and of international organizations, shows that much is to be done to move into this new form of governance. Governments on the whole are aware of the changing expectations of their citizenry, and the desire by especially not for profit groups, and emerging e-democracy groups, to have a say in the evolution of government policy. This is a serious governance issue that many governments are now facing. How governments deal with this could very well determine future relationships between government and the citizenry.

This article is an exploration of the issues and a contribution to the growing debate on the future of e-governance. William Sheridan, Policy Analyst Informetrica Inc. Canada, and a Research Fellow for the Commonwealth Centre for e-Governance contributed significantly in the preparation of this article.

e-Government vs. e-Governance
The terms "government" and "governance" are currently in widespread use, sometimes interchangeably. It is important to develop a distinction between the two. Thus, this article explores both the overlap as well as the conceptual distinctions that these two concepts embody, because there are different implications for electronic versions of each.

Conceptual clarification
Professor Donald F. Kettl's recent book, The Transformation of Governance, on the historical analysis of American public administration provides some good discussion on government and governance. Government is an institutional superstructure that society uses to translate politics into policies and legislation. Governance is the outcome of the interaction of government, the public service, and citizens throughout the political process, policy development, program design, and service delivery.

Governments are specialized institutions that contribute to governance. Representative governments seek and receive citizen support, but they also need the active cooperation of their public servants. Governance is the outcome of politics, policies, and programs. This paper will focus on the distinction between government and governance, particularly as manifest in e-government and e-governance. The aforementioned table summarizes the characteristics of both conventional and electronic government and governance that Kettl has identified in his research. Within the category of Government in the table below, are included both program design and service delivery.



Easy accessibility and outreach determine the nature of 'governance' against 'government'.
(www.newpointgroup.com/e-gov.gif)

Electronic networks
The spread of electronic mail and the World Wide Web has been quite dramatic over the last decade. E-mail allows instantaneous global communications for anyone with a connection to the Internet. E-mail has been the killer application of this decade but the rapid growth of spams in the last few years is creating administrative headaches for public and private sector organizations alike. There are numerous technological solutions for e-mail spam. However, many governments are also considering legislation to stem the proliferation of messages flooding all our e-mail boxes. Spam is currently an important governance issue as it does effect the way public can answer back to government agencies and departments.

The World Wide Web enables global document and image distribution, again for anyone with a connection to the Internet. Before widespread use of either e-mail or the Internet, Christopher Hood developed a model of government (in his book Tools of Government published in1983) that demonstrated that most government work actually consisted of information processing . Not surprisingly then, governments have taken to electronic networks in a big way, proclaiming better service delivery, and continuing cost declines as their rationale.


The e-Governance Cycle
(www.ecommerce.or.th/e-guide/ec-cycle-s.gif)

Political activism has also moved onto the Internet, as public interest groups, community organizations, voluntary organizations, and special interest groups use the electronic network to propagate their messages and help coordinate their activities. These endeavours are also largely information-based, and are now being described as "community informatics" by Michael Gurstein . The use of the Internet by thousands of individuals and groups around the world for political activism and a tool to influence the electoral system and government policy has become an important part of the e-democracy equation.

The institution of government involves a narrower range of considerations than the wider functions of governance. What follows is an elaboration on the six characteristics of government from aforementioned table.

The concept of a superstructure comes from mechanical engineering and refers to the structural skeleton of a building or a ship. The term was borrowed by 19th century political economists to serve as a metaphor for the institutional framework of society. Their use of this metaphor was meant to convey the concepts of dominance, orderliness, and permanence. The public acceptance of these concepts helps governments to rule.

GOVERNMENTGOVERNANCE
superstructurefunctionality
decisionsprocesses
rulesgoals
rulesperformance
implementationcoordination
outputsoutcomes
e-Governmente-Governance
electronic service deliveryelectronic consultation
electronic workflowelectronic controllership
electronic votingelectronic engagement
electronic productivitynetworked societal guidance

Governments are formally constituted, and are situated at the top of the political food-chain. They are bureaucratically organized, and usually constitutionally legitimated. Sociologist Max Weber proposed that this constitutional legitimacy gave governments a monopoly in terms of societal control. Most social scientists agree, but the veracity of this observation is questionable, though it is self-evident that society cannot operate without governments.

What being at the top of the political food-chain means for governments is that they serve as both the highest forum for policy making within their jurisdictions, and as the final court of appeal within their jurisdictions for dissenters to those policies. Most of the work of governments however consists of actually implementing policies through programs that deliver services.

As the social infrastructure has grown increasingly complex and risky throughout the modern era, governments have adopted more and more responsibilities. Systems for public health, environmental management, transportation regulation, telecommunications planning, and social services have all been put in place. Both operational standards and conflicts of interest have required that the governmental superstructure actually be consolidated to enable program effectiveness.

The government's position of societal superstructure creates an ironic dilemma for it. On the one hand, technical requirements for regulation are obvious to those who participate in operating any part of the social infrastructure. For example, this ranges all the way from the presence of traffic rules to the need for planning of transportation system upgrading and expansion.

However, individuals and groups within society evaluate governmental compliance requirements in terms of their own situations (i.e., their own particular needs and wants). The reason politics has been defined as "the art of compromise" is that governments often face the need to resolve discrepancies between people's desires to achieve their own ends and infrastructure requirements for operational effectiveness.

Decisions
United States President Harry Truman's maxim that "The buck stops here" summarized quite nicely the point that governments must take decisions to authorize actions. There are a multitude of situations that require government decisions, and a variety of types of decisions that governments can render. Both the longevity and the implications of government decisions have become progressively less certain as the aforementioned uncertainty and risk in society have grown.

National decisions will involve policies and/or programs that have society-wide impacts. In these cases the possibility of regional differences may require that negotiations be undertaken with local governments or groups so that program delivery can be customized to different circumstances. International decisions, either bilateral or multilateral, may require even more perseverance and diplomacy than those that are confined to a government's national sovereignty.

Decisions that are confined to a particular policy, program, department, region, or group, will usually be easier to frame, negotiate, and finalize. To the extent that considerations are more narrowly circumscribed, the issues, the implications, and the consequences will likely also be more manageable. The caveat to this judgment is "all things being equal". Unfortunately the unexpected can occur, when a previously insignificant occurrence suddenly acquires disproportionate importance "out of the blue", often because of a change in its political salience. Even for these situations there are now coping skills.

Joint decisions that need to be agreed between various levels of jurisdiction (i.e., national, regional, municipal, etc.) can also be particularly tricky to arrive at. Different levels of government usually guard their assigned powers and responsibilities, and are often concerned that joint decisions will be treated by other governments as an excuse or opportunity to encroach on the rightful domains of their negotiating partners. If however, a government is for any reason reluctant to take a decision it knows is necessary, it may be more than willing to use a joint agreement.

Partnerships between governments and other individuals or groups in civil society, are the newest version of collaborative decisions. Governments may lack the money, personnel, or expertise to implement decisions they desire, or they may face constitutional limits regarding what they can impose without the consent of the governed. These kinds of government decisions are becoming the fastest-growing type in today's policy environment. Examples of input from outside government are these Reports, which look at the information policy aspects of e-government. These studies present intellectual content that could assist in e-government policy and program development.


Public interfaces of good governance.
(www.info.gov.hk/.../chi/images/)

Rules
The quintessential feature by which the sociologist Max Weber characterized government bureaucracy, was the existence of formal rules for all procedures. For Weber, the development of these rules was the hallmark of modernity. Prior to the modern era, governments had been organized either on the basis of traditional deference, or a leader's charismatic persuasiveness. These alternatives may have served their purposes in their times, but both were arbitrary and unreliable in the modern environment that required rationality. Although some bureaucratic rules have recently been subject to reconsideration, most of the major rules remain in place. An important section of these rules concerns personnel staffing, that is to say: recruitment, hiring, promotion, discipline, and firing. To overcome nepotism and favoritism, these five procedures were given rules based on credentials and performance. The result is that over the years governments were staffed with far more qualified people than before these type of rules came into effect. Better-qualified staff however, has not always produced better policies. A more recent rule is that requiring "evidence-based policy-making". This is actually just contemporary wording for an older rule, namely that "good reasons" had to be given for decisions. As often as not though, the previous "good reasons" were either ideological (the public services' ethnic, or economic, or religious beliefs), or political (the opinions of organizational superiors, elected members, special interests, etc.). Now that the mass media reports on government shortcomings more readily, (and more often erroneously and in sensationalist terms with hidden agendas attached) attempts are being made to forward policies with the "evidence" that real needs exist requiring appropriate government actions.

Now that knowledge workers are expected to master multi-tasking, governments seem to be trying to re-invent the "special generalist"

Another important section of government rules concerns provisions to limit partisan political interference in program design and delivery. The audiences for which government programs are properly intended are categories of persons, not the favoring or disfavoring of specific individuals. Since there have been repeated violation of these rules when the opportunity appears to arise to do so undetected, a series of ever more stringent protocols have been put in place to limit these possibilities. There is less patronage and interference as a result, although some critics still claim corruption.

Rules that are the bane of every bureaucrat's existence are those for assessment and evaluation. What things are done, what things are not permitted, how things are done, how things are not to be done, when things can or cannot be done, where things can or cannot be done, even why things can or cannot be done, are all subject to assessment (estimation of consequences) and evaluation (estimation of effectiveness). Actions that are harmless or even acceptable in some respects may be unacceptable in general because of contravention of some narrow rule. This is undoubtedly the source of the accusation that governments are "hide-bound".

As rules have proliferated so has the possibility of conflicts between rules. Judgment is required on which rule (or rules) apply in a situation, and how strictly to abide by their provisions. People can either "hide behind the rules" or use them to innovate - and they do.

Roles
One of Weber's meta-rules was that the powers and prerogatives of bureaucratic office were attached to the role in the organization, not to the person occupying the position. The rationale for this seemed obvious when Weber explained it (organizational procedures should be impersonal to avoid favoritism), but in practice it has turned out to be much harder to actually ensure. Initially the preference for the "personal touch" was attributed to the persistence of traditional or charismatic attitudes.

Not until the third generation of organizational studies did social scientists realize that any initiative taken by anyone within the bureaucracy still required the exercise of some display of leadership, whether limited or extensive. But once the quality of leadership surfaces, the personal component becomes as important as the professional component. The sociologist Max Weber must now be re-interpreted to mean that leadership action should not be based exclusively or predominantly on personality, but should rather blend professional competence and personal attributes to the extent needed to ensure followership.This complicates the rule of roles considerably. When candidates are being considered for recruitment, hiring, evaluation, or promotion, what is the appropriate trade-off between personal qualities and professional qualifications? What if a less professionally qualified candidate with a better personal touch inspires better performance from his or her colleagues than a more qualified but less personable candidate? Urban legends allude to this dilemma quite frequently. Nevertheless, personnel management within the public sector still does not always formally recognize any such problem.

Another irony of the roles rule is that many candidates who are recruited on the basis of specific credentials and expertise are subsequently not assigned work that matches their qualifications. In the days of empire, the British public service was notorious for the view that a university graduate with whatever degree was a good candidate for any assignment, regardless of task requirements. The theory was that a degree was really a certificate in flexible thinking, so the appointed persons could simply manage their groups and assign technical tasks to subordinates (an eminently "civilized" arrangement).

Now that knowledge workers are expected to master multi-tasking, governments seem to be trying to re-invent the "special generalist" (or is it the "general specialist"?). Once again however, newly acquired knowledge about the psychology of work shows why this "one size does all" approach is short-sighted. Effective work at particular tasks requires a rhythm of both schedule and duration - there is a certain "concentration" needed to do a good job. Lack of concentration can result in both poor performance and increased burnout.

Implementation
Many proposals within governments have simply gathered dust on the shelf rather than becoming the basis for programs or services. Auditors often find examples of this situation and criticize the practice as a waste of money. When posteriori evaluations are conducted the reasons most often cited are either "lack of political will" or "lack of sufficient resources". In Systems Analysis a methodological rule has developed concerning project completion that could just as fruitfully be applied to Policy Analysis: Every solution must include a migration path (how to get from here to there). The rule of thumb is that any solution without a migration path is no solution at all. One of the hallmarks of a quality solution is the identification of a number of alternate paths for the necessary migration. The major challenge that governments have with implementation is the risk of project failure and/or cost overruns. Since governments are publicly accountable for their choices, their main performance criterion is dependability. In response to this concern governments have recently developed Risk Management tools consisting of risk assessment check-lists and risk insurance provisions. In some cases however, the result has been to make government decision-makers even more cautious and less innovative.

Outputs
Because program evaluation is one of the major concerns of government activity, focus has steadily shifted to measures of output to gauge both efficiency and productivity. There are a variety of outputs that governments measure. One is case-load: the number of assignments per person, the length of time to completion, and the type of results produced, are standard types of measures. This is a version of labor productivity.

In what is now being touted as the "knowledge" driven society, in which the "knowledge worker" is paramount, it is important to put this new paradigm into a conceptual framework. Since most government outputs consist of knowledge work, equipment use is another output measure. Use of a desk-top or mainframe computer, types of software applications applied to an assignment, duration of computer use, and the kind of data transformation produced, are all logged. This is a version of equipment productivity, whereby an assessment can be made as to whether or not adequate technology is in use, and if it is being used competently. Wider measures include the size of the staff, personnel turnover, the average duration of assignments, the ratio of supervisors to workers, and the aggregate rate of assignment completion. All of these measures give an indication of the rate of activity, so that comparisons can be done between similar workers or similar units. Pay scales and promotion prospects are often designed to reward improvements in these rates. What is much more difficult to record, measure, or evaluate is the effectiveness of the government employees' activities. Part of the problem centers on what measures of effectiveness are appropriate. Should the major emphasis be on inputs, that is to say, size of staff, qualifications of staff, salaries paid, and equipment available? Or should the focus be on throughputs, which include hours worked, supervision needed, equipment used, and supplies consumed? Then again, perhaps outputs themselves are the best measures, such as tasks accomplished, cases completed, decisions taken, and actions initiated. There are rationales for, and defenders of each of these alternatives, and what one measures determines the results one gets.

What experience has demonstrated is that the only method of measurement which does consistently produce improvement is that which assesses the entire value-chain within the organization, from inputs, including throughputs, to outputs. Although efficiencies can be gained for particular activities, many of these have already been achieved. The most room for improvement now is with the flow of tasks and assignments between people. The rate of output from groups has previously been slowed by poor transfer procedures between those collaborating on an assignment. As we will see below, e-government addresses this situation.

The characteristics of Governance
The function of governance involves a broader range of considerations than the structures of government. What follows is an elaboration of some of the characteristics of governance as illustrated earlier.

Functionality
Governance is distinct from government in that it concerns longer-term processes rather than immediate decisions. Governance is a set of continuous processes that usually evolve slowly with use rather than change dramatically (as with a change of government). There are three categories of processes to cover the interactions between the government, the public service, and the citizenry. The engagement process covers the interaction between citizens and government; the consultation process covers the interaction between public servants and citizens; and the implementation process covers the interaction between the government and the public service. The result of the governance focus on processes instead of decisions is that the primary concern is goals rather than rules. In the perspective of governance what is important is the objective rather than the rules of behaviour for achieving it. Various levels or locales of jurisdiction may pursue the same goals with distinct instruments, different priorities, and alternate agendas. This is often both unsurprising and inevitable - even those "singing from the same hymn-book" may do so in a different key, to a different accompanying instrument. The goals of governance cannot really be achieved by micro-management, because there are no means of detailed enforcement. In contra-distinction to the formal roles within government, governance processes are oriented to performance. Specific tasks are not necessarily assigned to specific roles because the point is for everyone to "pitch in" and work toward the common goal. The main concern is the purpose of the various governance processes, and numerous people in various roles can provide an assortment of contributions depending on their circumstances. Governance takes the larger view of social objectives, so it involves the coordination of efforts rather than the implementation of specific programs. How it all fits together is more important than exactly who does what to whom by which means. This is the systemic perspective as opposed to a focus on the individual practice, or player, or process. The "bottom line" for governance is outcomes rather than the outputs of government. One dramatic way of illustrating this point is to word it as follows: whereas the point of government outputs is the effort expended, the point of governance outcomes is the effects produced. One of the reasons people are often impatient with governments is because, despite the reports of great efforts expended, the results produced (the outcomes) are often unacceptable from the point of view of the citizenry. People who want to "re-invent government" are hoping that those in government will adopt a new focus on outcomes to replace outputs.


Source: Anonymous
Kiosks and interface points for access.

Processes
Some experts and writers contend that many knowledge workers within governments are resistant to assignments to "manage processes" rather than to deal with "substantive issues". But since government is not a single-issue or a single-instance exercise, on-going processes are what governance is all about. What the source of the aversion seems to be is that the processes are often standardized in such a routinized way that they become exceedingly boring very quickly.The consequence however, is that flexibility is slowly squeezed out of governing processes as rules are proliferated to cover more and more eventualities. The assumption is that this will protect those in positions of responsibility from being held accountable (and punishable) for anything that can be construed as politically discreditable. This is where the concept of governance could provide some positive guidance to the institutions of government. If governing processes were directed by flexible guidelines rather than minute rules, and if those on the front line were permitted to respond to unforeseeable particulars in a creative way, the larger aim of policy and program improvement may be more favourably achieved. To anticipate a little, the rationale for governing processes would be better to emphasize outcomes over outputs, even within government.The Engagement Process consists of citizens and interest groups interacting with government representatives. Elections are one example of this, and lobbying legislators is another. More recently there have been increased attempts to engage citizens in a policy dialogue with government members on specific issues (i.e., proposals for new laws, or policy frameworks, etc.). In these attempts there have been some encouraging successes, and some discouraging failures. One lesson learned from all of these experiences is that a "free-for-all" approach will not work - effective citizen engagement requires that the process be managed to maintain focus and momentum.


An example of an e-governance outreach and awareness creation.

The Implementation Process concerns the transformation of laws and policies into procedures and programs. Organizational process re-engineering could automate much of this work, and reduce the personnel requirements considerably. What would be needed however, would be more reliance on electronic methods.

The Consultation Process involves direct contact between the public service, and citizens and interest groups. In the case of interest groups, they have sought and gained access to bureaucrats for decades. What is changing is that individual citizens and community groups are now beginning to obtain similar access even if in limited numbers at this point in time. This process helps citizens to actually shape regulations, in a small way. As will be seen in sections below, and in the Final Report of this series, results are very limited to date. The process of on-line consultations is very much a top-down process controlled by public sector organizations.

Goals
Because governance focuses on goals rather than rules it does not mean that the situation is any easier to understand or deal with. Goals are often based on values, and in today's diverse society, value consensus can be difficult to find or build. Instead, just as there are conflicts of values, so there are conflicts of goals. Nobel Prize winning economist Kenneth Arrow's famous theorem showed that there is no rational way to calculate majority support amongst conflicting goals and groups. Policy analysts and media commentators often refer to a mythological political entity called "Public Opinion" to build or demolish arguments, but citizens' views are far more likely to be distributed across a variety of dimensions such that grouping would bring together completely different people on disparate issues. People can be economic liberals, cultural radicals, and religious traditionalists, or any other combination, all at once. Nevertheless, those who want to shape social goals must be prepared to commit the time and effort in governance processes. Participating in governance to shape social goals can be very time-consuming.

One of the reasons more people do not do it is that they have jobs, families, and leisure activities, all of which usually take priority. One of the reasons interest groups do sustain their efforts to shape social goals is that they select those issues and policy areas where their interests are directly involved. Whether their objectives are economic, cultural, ideological or personal, citizens who do engage themselves regard it as worth their while to "sit at the table" and to persist in their efforts to achieve what they want. Even if electoral districts were approximately the same size so that "one person-one vote" could be realized, those who are unequally endowed with resources are more likely to be able to afford to devote the time between elections to continuing the political pursuit of their goals. That is why electronic opportunities to promote social goals are now getting increased attention - e-participation could lower costs and increase convenience.

The characteristics of e-Government
Governments are the societal superstructure for politics, policies, and programs. So what does digitizing that superstructure and putting it online do to the quantity and quality of government?

Electronic Service Delivery
Governments can query, inform, and transact with the public over electronic networks. Since the public began to use the Internet for leisure and business, governments have been progressively migrating their service delivery onto electronic platforms. In the early days of the Internet this was justified as a great source of cost-savings.Many programs that involved information outreach were experiencing cost escalation as publishing, printing, and distribution costs continued to rise. Instead of cutting such efforts entirely during the period of down-sizing, the "webification solution" allowed documents to be posted on the World Wide Web with savings of as much as 75% of previous costs. The shortcoming of this solution was the "digital divide" - only those with Internet connections could access the digitized documents. If most of the distribution went to government departments, other governments, businesses, or professionals, they already had or could readily acquire an Internet connection. Others less fortunate (lack of funds or lack of available interconnection points) began to claim they were being discriminated against. Hence began government sponsorship of attempts to expand access and/or provide it for free (via freenets or community portals), such as the widely successful Community Access Program in Canada, and similar programs in other countries. These programs are clear attempts to provide opportunities to engage all of the citizenry in the nation into the benefits of cyberspace through efforts to bridge the digital divide.

Conclusion
As stated at the beginning of this article, it will be important for government to continue to use the nomenclature of e-government, e-governance and e-democracy for a number of reasons. This is a growing subject matter and it is essential that governments create harmony and consistency in any evolutions being undertaken. The growth of ICTs and programs, implementing old and new technologies, requires a continuous stream that can be understood by the public. This point becomes evident when assessing and comparing the six milestones of government and the six milestones of e-governance, as set out earlier in this paper. These pillars of public administration, evolved and articulated over the past three to four centuries, have created a professional and modern public service. This evolution has come about through careful debate, trial and error and implementation. Change as has been needed as public service organizations around the world grew to cope with the challenges of the modern world. Public Administration as a discipline is recognized and accepted in academic and public sector institutions worldwide.

The pillars of e-government and e-governance are now being defined and considered as the natural extensions of the sound methodologies of how government organizations should be run. It is recognized that while the rapid evolution of new technologies have created challenges for all governments, sound administrative principles are the order of the day. It is not a question of throwing out all that public sector has developed over the past hundreds of years but rather taking the tried and true principles of public administration and applying them to the "e" world. Governments by nature are conservative organizations and slow to adapt to change. In the private sector slowness in adapting to change can be disastrous for a company who may have to close up shop because of poor administration, bad administrative practices, errors in judgment about changes within their company, or misreading of the public mood. Companies are very much subject to the winds of change.

Governments are the reverse. Governments are the stable point in a society. It doesn't matter how much cynicism might come from certain quarters of the media or the public at large - governments do not dissolve. Political parties are subject to mood swings and changing loyalties in the public but, in all strong democracies, it is a change of political parties that become the "elected" government. The public administration continues and does not go away because a new political party takes office. This does not mean that accountability, trust and openness with the government are not important. What is the most important fact is that government is perceived, and continues to be perceived, as the bedrock of society. This is another good reason why the transition to e-government, e-governance and e-democracy is a smooth one, but does not send a message that somehow government as we have known it is now gone and a new order has emerged.

It is another argument as to why the nomenclature must be kept so that changing needs and expectations (coming from the public) are presented in a recognizable way.

The purpose is not to send a message that somehow government has changed in a radical or fundamental way. Such changes only come when societies have revolutions (and even these are philosophical in nature as to what government should be) or when there are deep discussions and debate in society over the years to change the nature of government. Thus, the important principles articulated in this article are put forth as a means and a method to which governments can go forth into meeting the new challenges of the digital world while being rooted in the strengths of its past.

Government and governance are both about getting the consent and cooperation of the governed. But whereas government is the formal apparatus for this objective, governance is the outcome as experienced by those on the receiving end.

E-government can be a more productive version of government in general, if it is well implemented and managed. E-governance can evolve into participatory governance if it is well supported and architected. What stands in the way of good e-government and e-governance is establishment resistance from many who do not wish to change the status quo, and public cynicism, the latter being a much larger issue above and beyond e-government and e-democracy. Given the way that technology developments are currently shaping public expectations however, citizens will continue to expect more as new states of technologies evolve.

The transition to participatory governance will probably be slower, messier and costlier than it need be, but democracy always has been somewhat chaotic.

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